atpublic 0.3

=========
@public
=========

This is a very simple decorator and function which populates a module's
``__all__`` and optionally the module globals. It is a standalone version of
the implementation being proposed for Python 3.6 in `issue 26632`_ on the
Python bug tracker.

This provides both a pure-Python implementation and a C implementation. It is
proposed that the C implementation be added to builtins_ for Python 3.6.


Background
==========

``__all__`` is great. It has both a functional and a documentation purpose.

The functional purpose is that it `directly controls`_ which module names are
imported by the ``from <module> import *`` statement. In the absence of an
``__all__``, when this statement is executed, every name in ``<module>`` that
does not start with an underscore will be imported. This often leads to
importing too many names into the module. That's a good enough reason not to
use ``from <module> import *`` with modules that don't have an ``__all__``.

In the presence of an ``__all__``, only the names specified in this list are
imported by the ``from <module> import *`` statement. This in essence gives
the ``<module>`` author a way to explicitly state which names are for public
consumption.

And that's the second purpose of ``__all__``; it serves as module
documentation, explicitly naming the public objects it wants to export. You
can print a module's ``__all__`` and get an explicit declaration of its public
API.


The problem
===========

However, ``__all__`` has two problems.

First, its separates the declaration of a name's public export semantics from
the implementation of that name. Usually the ``__all__`` is put at the top of
the module, although this isn't required, and in some cases it's `actively
prohibited`_. So when you're looking at the definition of a function or class
in a module, you have to search for the ``__all__`` definition to know whether
the function or class is intended for public consumption.

This leads to the second problem, which is that it's all too easy for the
``__all__`` to get `out of sync`_ with the module's contents. Often a
function or class is renamed, removed, or added without the ``__all__`` being
updated. Then it's difficult to know what the module author's intent was, and
it can lead to an exception when a string appearing in ``__all__`` doesn't
match an existing name in the module.


The solution
============

The solution is to provide a way to declare a name's public-ness right at the
point of its declaration, and to infer the name to export from that
definition. In this way, a module's author never explicitly sets the
``__all__`` so there's no way for it to get out of sync.

This package, and issue 26632, propose just such a solution, in the form of a
``public`` builtin that can be used as either a decorator, or a callable.

You'll usually use this as a decorator, for example::

@public
def foo():
pass

or::

@public
class Bar:
pass

If you were to print the ``__all__`` after both of those code snippets, you'd
see::

>>> print(__all__)
['foo', 'Bar']

Note that you do not need to initialize ``__all__`` in the module, since
``public`` will do it for you. Of course, if your module *already* has an
``__all__``, it will just append new names to the existing list.

The requirements to use the ``@public`` decorator are simple: the decorated
thing must have a ``__name__`` attribute. Since you'll overwhelmingly use it
to decorate functions and classes, this will always be the case.

There's one other common use case that isn't covered by the ``@public``
decorator. Sometimes you want to declare simple constants or instances as
publicly available. You can't use the ``@public`` decorator for two reasons:
constants don't have a ``__name__`` and Python's syntax doesn't allow you to
decorate such constructs.

To solve this use case, ``public`` is also a callable function accepting
keyword arguments. An example makes this obvious::

public(SEVEN=7)
public(a_bar=Bar())

Now if you print the module's ``__all__`` you'll see::

>>> print(__all__)
['foo', 'Bar', 'SEVEN', 'a_bar']

and as should be obvious, the module contains name bindings for these
constants::

>>> print(SEVEN)
7
>>> print(a_bar)
<__main__.Bar object at ...>

**Note:** While you can use ``public()`` with multiple keyword arguments in a
single call, the order of the resulting ``__all__`` entries is undefined, due
to indeterminate dictionary sort order. If order matters to you, call
``public()`` multiple times each with a single keyword argument.


Usage
=====

To use this, just import it::

>>> from public import public

This package actually provides both a pure Python implementation and a C
implementation. It is expected/hoped that the C implementation might appear
in Python 3.6. By default, the import above provides you with the more
efficient C implementation. If for some reason you want the pure-Python
implementation just do::

>>> from public import py_public as public

Having to do this import in every module you want to use it can get pretty
tedious, so what if you could put ``public`` into Python's builtins? Then it
would be available in all your code for free::

>>> from public import install
>>> install()

and now you can just use ``@public`` without having to import anything in your
other modules.

By default, this installs the C implementation but if you wanted to install
the pure-Python version, just do::

>>> from public import py_install
>>> py_install()


Caveats
=======

There are some important usage restrictions you should be aware of:

* Only use ``@public`` on top-level object. Specifically, don't try to use
``@public`` on a class method name. While the declaration won't fail, when
You will get an exception when you attempt to ``from <module> import *``
because the name pulled from ``__all__`` won't be in the module's globals.
* If you explicitly set ``__all__`` in your module, be sure to set it to a
list. Some style guides require ``__all__`` to be a tuple, but since that's
immutable, as soon as ``@public`` tries to append to it, you will get an
exception. Best practice is to not set ``__all__`` explicitly; let
``@public`` do it!
* If you still want ``__all__`` to be immutable, put the following at the
bottom of your module::

__all__ = tuple(__all__)


Alternatives
============

This isn't a unique approach to ``@public``. Other_ implementations_ do
exist. There are some subtle differences between this package and those
others. This package:

* uses keyword arguments to map names which don't have an ``__name__``
attribute;
* can be used to bind names and values into a module's globals;
* provides both C and Python implementations;
* can optionally put ``public`` in builtins.


Author
======

``public`` is Copyright (C) 2016 Barry Warsaw

Contact Barry:

* barry@python.org
* @pumpichank on Twitter
* @warsaw on GitHub and GitLab

Licensed under the terms of the Apache License 2.0. See LICENSE.txt for
details.


Project details
===============

* Project home: https://gitlab.com/warsaw/public
* Report bugs at: https://gitlab.com/warsaw/public/issues
* Fork the code: https://gitlab.com/warsaw/public.git
* Documentation: http://public.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
* PyPI: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/atpublic


NEWS
====

.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2

NEWS



Indices and tables
==================

* :ref:`genindex`
* :ref:`modindex`
* :ref:`search`


.. _`issue 26632`: http://bugs.python.org/issue26632
.. _builtins: https://docs.python.org/3/library/builtins.html
.. _`directly controls`: https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/modules.html#importing-from-a-package
.. _`actively prohibited`: http://pep8.readthedocs.io/en/latest/intro.html?highlight=e402#error-codes
.. _`out of sync`: http://bugs.python.org/issue23883
.. _Other: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/public
.. _implementations: http://bugs.python.org/issue22247#msg225637