Cross-platform colored terminal text.
Project description
- Download and docs:
- Source code & Development:
- Colorama for Enterprise:
https://github.com/tartley/colorama/blob/master/ENTERPRISE.md
Description
Makes ANSI escape character sequences (for producing colored terminal text and cursor positioning) work under MS Windows.
ANSI escape character sequences have long been used to produce colored terminal text and cursor positioning on Unix and Macs. Colorama makes this work on Windows, too, by wrapping stdout, stripping ANSI sequences it finds (which would appear as gobbledygook in the output), and converting them into the appropriate win32 calls to modify the state of the terminal. On other platforms, Colorama does nothing.
Colorama also provides some shortcuts to help generate ANSI sequences but works fine in conjunction with any other ANSI sequence generation library, such as the venerable Termcolor (https://pypi.org/project/termcolor/) or the fabulous Blessings (https://pypi.org/project/blessings/).
This has the upshot of providing a simple cross-platform API for printing colored terminal text from Python, and has the happy side-effect that existing applications or libraries which use ANSI sequences to produce colored output on Linux or Macs can now also work on Windows, simply by calling colorama.init().
An alternative approach is to install ansi.sys on Windows machines, which provides the same behaviour for all applications running in terminals. Colorama is intended for situations where that isn’t easy (e.g., maybe your app doesn’t have an installer.)
Demo scripts in the source code repository print some colored text using ANSI sequences. Compare their output under Gnome-terminal’s built in ANSI handling, versus on Windows Command-Prompt using Colorama:
These screengrabs show that, on Windows, Colorama does not support ANSI ‘dim text’; it looks the same as ‘normal text’.
License
Copyright Jonathan Hartley & Arnon Yaari, 2013. BSD 3-Clause license; see LICENSE file.
Dependencies
None, other than Python. Tested on Python 2.7, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7 and 3.8.
Usage
Initialisation
Applications should initialise Colorama using:
from colorama import init
init()On Windows, calling init() will filter ANSI escape sequences out of any text sent to stdout or stderr, and replace them with equivalent Win32 calls.
On other platforms, calling init() has no effect (unless you request other optional functionality; see “Init Keyword Args”, below). By design, this permits applications to call init() unconditionally on all platforms, after which ANSI output should just work.
To stop using colorama before your program exits, simply call deinit(). This will restore stdout and stderr to their original values, so that Colorama is disabled. To resume using Colorama again, call reinit(); it is cheaper to calling init() again (but does the same thing).
Colored Output
Cross-platform printing of colored text can then be done using Colorama’s constant shorthand for ANSI escape sequences:
from colorama import Fore, Back, Style
print(Fore.RED + 'some red text')
print(Back.GREEN + 'and with a green background')
print(Style.DIM + 'and in dim text')
print(Style.RESET_ALL)
print('back to normal now')…or simply by manually printing ANSI sequences from your own code:
print('\033[31m' + 'some red text')
print('\033[39m') # and reset to default color…or, Colorama can be used happily in conjunction with existing ANSI libraries such as Termcolor:
from colorama import init
from termcolor import colored
# use Colorama to make Termcolor work on Windows too
init()
# then use Termcolor for all colored text output
print(colored('Hello, World!', 'green', 'on_red'))Available formatting constants are:
Fore: BLACK, RED, GREEN, YELLOW, BLUE, MAGENTA, CYAN, WHITE, RESET. Back: BLACK, RED, GREEN, YELLOW, BLUE, MAGENTA, CYAN, WHITE, RESET. Style: DIM, NORMAL, BRIGHT, RESET_ALL
Style.RESET_ALL resets foreground, background, and brightness. Colorama will perform this reset automatically on program exit.
Cursor Positioning
ANSI codes to reposition the cursor are supported. See demos/demo06.py for an example of how to generate them.
Init Keyword Args
init() accepts some **kwargs to override default behaviour.
- init(autoreset=False):
If you find yourself repeatedly sending reset sequences to turn off color changes at the end of every print, then init(autoreset=True) will automate that:
from colorama import init init(autoreset=True) print(Fore.RED + 'some red text') print('automatically back to default color again')- init(strip=None):
Pass True or False to override whether ansi codes should be stripped from the output. The default behaviour is to strip if on Windows or if output is redirected (not a tty).
- init(convert=None):
Pass True or False to override whether to convert ANSI codes in the output into win32 calls. The default behaviour is to convert if on Windows and output is to a tty (terminal).
- init(wrap=True):
On Windows, colorama works by replacing sys.stdout and sys.stderr with proxy objects, which override the .write() method to do their work. If this wrapping causes you problems, then this can be disabled by passing init(wrap=False). The default behaviour is to wrap if autoreset or strip or convert are True.
When wrapping is disabled, colored printing on non-Windows platforms will continue to work as normal. To do cross-platform colored output, you can use Colorama’s AnsiToWin32 proxy directly:
import sys from colorama import init, AnsiToWin32 init(wrap=False) stream = AnsiToWin32(sys.stderr).stream # Python 2 print >>stream, Fore.BLUE + 'blue text on stderr' # Python 3 print(Fore.BLUE + 'blue text on stderr', file=stream)
Installation
colorama is currently installable from PyPI:
pip install colorama
colorama also can be installed by the conda package manager:
conda install -c anaconda colorama
Status & Known Problems
I’ve personally only tested it on Windows XP (CMD, Console2), Ubuntu (gnome-terminal, xterm), and OS X.
Some presumably valid ANSI sequences aren’t recognised (see details below), but to my knowledge nobody has yet complained about this. Puzzling.
See outstanding issues and wishlist: https://github.com/tartley/colorama/issues
If anything doesn’t work for you, or doesn’t do what you expected or hoped for, I’d love to hear about it on that issues list, would be delighted by patches, and would be happy to grant commit access to anyone who submits a working patch or two.
Recognised ANSI Sequences
ANSI sequences generally take the form:
ESC [ <param> ; <param> … <command>
Where <param> is an integer, and <command> is a single letter. Zero or more params are passed to a <command>. If no params are passed, it is generally synonymous with passing a single zero. No spaces exist in the sequence; they have been inserted here simply to read more easily.
The only ANSI sequences that colorama converts into win32 calls are:
ESC [ 0 m # reset all (colors and brightness) ESC [ 1 m # bright ESC [ 2 m # dim (looks same as normal brightness) ESC [ 22 m # normal brightness # FOREGROUND: ESC [ 30 m # black ESC [ 31 m # red ESC [ 32 m # green ESC [ 33 m # yellow ESC [ 34 m # blue ESC [ 35 m # magenta ESC [ 36 m # cyan ESC [ 37 m # white ESC [ 39 m # reset # BACKGROUND ESC [ 40 m # black ESC [ 41 m # red ESC [ 42 m # green ESC [ 43 m # yellow ESC [ 44 m # blue ESC [ 45 m # magenta ESC [ 46 m # cyan ESC [ 47 m # white ESC [ 49 m # reset # cursor positioning ESC [ y;x H # position cursor at x across, y down ESC [ y;x f # position cursor at x across, y down ESC [ n A # move cursor n lines up ESC [ n B # move cursor n lines down ESC [ n C # move cursor n characters forward ESC [ n D # move cursor n characters backward # clear the screen ESC [ mode J # clear the screen # clear the line ESC [ mode K # clear the line
Multiple numeric params to the 'm' command can be combined into a single sequence:
ESC [ 36 ; 45 ; 1 m # bright cyan text on magenta background
All other ANSI sequences of the form ESC [ <param> ; <param> ... <command> are silently stripped from the output on Windows.
Any other form of ANSI sequence, such as single-character codes or alternative initial characters, are not recognised or stripped. It would be cool to add them though. Let me know if it would be useful for you, via the Issues on GitHub.
Development
Help and fixes welcome!
Running tests requires:
Michael Foord’s mock module to be installed.
Tests are written using 2010-era updates to unittest
To run tests:
python -m unittest discover -p *_test.py
This, like a few other handy commands, is captured in a Makefile.
If you use nose to run the tests, you must pass the -s flag; otherwise, nosetests applies its own proxy to stdout, which confuses the unit tests.
Professional support
Professional support for colorama is available as part of the Tidelift Subscription. Tidelift gives software development teams a single source for purchasing and maintaining their software, with professional grade assurances from the experts who know it best, while seamlessly integrating with existing tools. |
Thanks
Marc Schlaich (schlamar) for a setup.py fix for Python2.5.
Marc Abramowitz, reported & fixed a crash on exit with closed stdout, providing a solution to issue #7’s setuptools/distutils debate, and other fixes.
User ‘eryksun’, for guidance on correctly instantiating ctypes.windll.
Matthew McCormick for politely pointing out a longstanding crash on non-Win.
Ben Hoyt, for a magnificent fix under 64-bit Windows.
Jesse at Empty Square for submitting a fix for examples in the README.
User ‘jamessp’, an observant documentation fix for cursor positioning.
User ‘vaal1239’, Dave Mckee & Lackner Kristof for a tiny but much-needed Win7 fix.
Julien Stuyck, for wisely suggesting Python3 compatible updates to README.
Daniel Griffith for multiple fabulous patches.
Oscar Lesta for a valuable fix to stop ANSI chars being sent to non-tty output.
Roger Binns, for many suggestions, valuable feedback, & bug reports.
Tim Golden for thought and much appreciated feedback on the initial idea.
User ‘Zearin’ for updates to the README file.
John Szakmeister for adding support for light colors
Charles Merriam for adding documentation to demos
Jurko for a fix on 64-bit Windows CPython2.5 w/o ctypes
Florian Bruhin for a fix when stdout or stderr are None
Thomas Weininger for fixing ValueError on Windows
Remi Rampin for better Github integration and fixes to the README file
Simeon Visser for closing a file handle using ‘with’ and updating classifiers to include Python 3.3 and 3.4
Andy Neff for fixing RESET of LIGHT_EX colors.
Jonathan Hartley for the initial idea and implementation.
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