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Bisulfite sequencing data processing and differential methylation analysis

Project description

# methylpy
Welcome to the home page of methylpy, a pyhton-based analysis pipeline for
* (single-cell) (whole-genome) bisulfite sequencing data
* (single-cell) NOMe-seq data
* differential methylation analysis

# Note
* methylpy was initiated by and built on the work of [Mattew D. Schultz](https://github.com/schultzmattd)
* [tutorial](https://github.com/yupenghe/methylpy/blob/methylpy/tutorial.md) is being written
* In new version, allc files for one sample are no longer split and the current allc format does not support header. Command `cat allc_SAMPLENAME_*.tsv |grep chr -v > allc_SAMPLENAME.tsv` can be used to change the older version of allc to the new version.
* Current version methylpy has major difference compared to previous version.
Please checkout this document and [tutorial](https://github.com/yupenghe/methylpy/blob/methylpy/tutorial.md)
for details.


# What can methylpy do?
#### Processing bisulfite sequencing data and NOMe-seq data
* fast and flexible pipeline for both single-end and paired-end data
* all the way from raw reads (fastq) to methylation state and/or open chromatin readouts
* also support getting readouts from alignment (BAM file)
* including options for read trimming, quality filter and PCR duplicate removal
* accept compressed input and generate compressed output
* support post-bisulfite adaptor tagging (PBAT) data

#### Calling differentially methylated regions (DMRs)
* DMR calling at single cytosine level
* support comparison across 2 or more samples/groups
* conservative and accurate
* useful feature for dealing with low-coverage data by combining data of adjacent cytosines

# What you want to do
* [Install methylpy](#install-methylpy)
* [Test methylpy](#test-methylpy)
* [Process data](#process-data)
* [Call DMRs](#call-dmrs)
* [Additional functions for data processing](#additional-functions-for-data-processing)
* [Cite methylpy](#cite-methylpy)

run `methylpy -h` to get a list of functions.

# Install methylpy
#### Step 1 - Download methylpy and set up environment variable
Enter the directory where you would like to install methylpy and run
```
git clone https://github.com/yupenghe/methylpy.git
cd methylpy/
python setup.py install
```
If you would like to install methylpy in path of your choice, run
`python setup.py install --prefix=/USER/PATH/`.
Then, try `methylpy` and if it gives no error, the setup is likely successful.
See [Test methylpy](#test-methylpy) for more rigorious test.

#### Step 2 - Install dependencies
methylpy is written in python so obviously python2/3 needs to be installed.
methylpy also depends on two python modules, [numpy](http://www.numpy.org/)
and [scipy](https://www.scipy.org/).
The easiest way to resolve these dependencies is to install [anaconda](https://www.anaconda.com/download/)

In addition, some features of methylpy depend on several publicly available tools (not all of them are required
if you only use a subset of methylpy functions).
* [cutadapt](http://cutadapt.readthedocs.io/en/stable/installation.html) (>=1.9) for raw read trimming
* [bowtie](http://bowtie-bio.sourceforge.net/index.shtml) and/or
[bowtie2](http://bowtie-bio.sourceforge.net/bowtie2/index.shtml) for alignment
* [samtools](https://github.com/samtools/samtools) (>=1.3) for alignment results manipulation
* [Picard](https://broadinstitute.github.io/picard/index.html) (>=2.10.8) for removal of PCR duplicates
* java (its path included in `PATH` environment variable) for running Picard
* [wigToBigWig](http://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/admin/exe/linux.x86_64/wigToBigWig) for converting methylpy output
to bigwig format

Lastly, if paths to cutadapt, bowtie/bowtie2, samtools and wigToBigWig are included in `PATH` variable,
methylpy can run these tools directly. Otherwise, the paths have to be passed to methylpy as augments.
Path to Picard needs to be passed to methylpy as a parameter to run PCR duplicate removal.

#### Optional step - Compile rms.cpp
DMR finding requires an executable `methylpy/methylpy/run_rms_tests.out`, which was compiled from
C++ code `methylpy/methylpy/rms.cpp`. In most cases, the precompiled file can be used directly. To
test this, simply run execute `methylpy/methylpy/run_rms_tests.out`. If help page shows, recompiling
is not required. If error turns up, the executable needs to be regenerated by compiling `rms.cpp` and
this step requires [GSL](https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/) installed correctly. In most linux operating
system, the below commands will do the job
```
cd methylpy/methylpy/
g++ -O3 -l gsl -l gslcblas -o run_rms_tests.out rms.cpp
```
In Ubuntu (>=16.04), please try the below commands first.
```
cd methylpy/methylpy/
g++ -o run_rms_tests.out rms.cpp `gsl-config --cflags —libs`
```

# Test methylpy
To test whether methylpy and the dependencies are installed and set up correctly, run
```
cd methylpy/test
python run_test.py
```

# Process data
Please see [methylpy tutorial](https://github.com/yupenghe/methylpy/blob/methylpy/tutorial.md)
for more details.

#### Step 1 - Build converted genome reference
Build bowtie/bowtie2 index for converted genome. Run `methylpy build-reference -h`
to get more information. An example of building mm10 mouse reference index:

```
methylpy build-reference \
--input-files mm10_bt2/mm10.fa \
--output-prefix mm10_bt2/mm10 \
--bowtie2 True
```

#### Step 2 - Process bisulfite sequencing and NOMe-seq data
Function `single-end-pipeline` is For processing single-end data. Run
`methylpy single-end-pipeline -h` to get help information. Below code
is an example of using methylpy to process single-end bisulfite sequencing
data. For processing NOMe-seq data, please use `num_upstr_bases=1` to include
one base upstream cytosine as part of cytosine sequence context, which can be
used to tease out GC sites.

```
methylpy single-end-pipeline \
--read-files raw/mESC_R1.fastq.gz \
--sample mESC \
--forward-ref mm10_bt2/mm10_f \
--reverse-ref mm10_bt2/mm10_r \
--ref-fasta mm10_bt2/mm10.fa \
--num-procs 8 \
--remove-clonal True \
--path-to-picard="picard/"
```

An command example for processing paired-end data.
Run `methylpy paired-end-pipeline -h` to get more information.

```
methylpy paired-end-pipeline \
--read1-files raw/mESC_R1.fastq.gz \
--read2-files raw/mESC_R2.fastq.gz \
--sample mESC \
--forward-ref mm10_bt2/mm10_f \
--reverse-ref mm10_bt2/mm10_r \
--ref-fasta mm10_bt2/mm10.fa \
--num-procs 8 \
--remove-clonal True \
--path-to-picard="picard/"
```

#### Output format
Output file(s) are (compressed) tab-separated text file(s) in allc format. "allc" stands
for all cytosine (C). Each row in an allc file corresponds to one cytosine in the genome.
An allc file contain 7 columns and no header:

|index|column name|example|note|
|:----:|:-----:|:-----:|:---:|
|1|chromosome|12|with no "chr"|
|2|position|18283342|1-based|
|3|strand|+|either + or -|
|4|sequence context|CGT|can be more than 3 bases|
|5|mc|18|count of reads supporting methylation|
|6|cov|21|read coverage|
|7|methylated|1|indicator of significant methylation|

# Call DMRs
This function will take a list of compressed/uncompressed allc files (output files from methylpy pipeline) as input
and look for DMRs. Help information of this function is available via running `methylpy DMRfind -h`.

Below is the code of an example of calling DMRs for CG methylation between two samples,
`AD_HT` and `AD_IT` on chromosome 1 through 5 using 8 processors.

```
methylpy DMRfind \
--allc-files allc/allc_AD_HT.tsv.gz allc/allc_AD_IT.tsv.gz \
--samples AD_HT AD_IT \
--mc-type "CGN" \
--chroms 1 2 3 4 5 \
--num-procs 8 \
--output-prefix DMR_HT_IT
```
Please see [methylpy tutorial](https://github.com/yupenghe/methylpy/blob/methylpy/tutorial.md) for details.

# Additional functions for data processing
#### Extract cytosine methylation state from BAM file
The `call-methylation-state` function allows users to get cytosine methylation state (allc file) from
alignment file (BAM file).
It is part of the data processing pipeline which is especially useful for getting the allc file from
alignment file from other methylation data pipelines like bismark. Run `methylpy call-methylation-state -h`
to get help information. Below is an example of running this function. Please make sure to remove
`--paired-end True` or use `--paired-end False` for BAM file from single-end data.

```
methylpy call-methylation-state \
--input-file mESC_processed_reads_no_clonal.bam \
--paired-end True \
--sample mESC \
--ref-fasta mm10_bt2/mm10.fa \
--num-procs 8
```

### Get methylation level for genomic regions
Calculating methylation level of certain genomic regions can give an estimate of the methylation
abundance of these loci. This can be achieved using the `add-methylation-level` function.
See `methylpy add-methylation-level -h` for more details about the input format and available options.
```
methylpy add-methylation-level \
--input-tsv-file DMR_AD_IT.tsv \
--output-file DMR_AD_IT_with_level.tsv \
--allc-files allc/allc_AD_HT_1.tsv.gz allc/allc_AD_HT_2.tsv.gz \
allc/allc_AD_IT_1.tsv.gz allc/allc_AD_IT_2.tsv.gz \
--samples AD_HT_1 AD_HT_2 AD_IT_1 AD_IT_2 \
--mc-type CGN \
--num-procs 4
```

#### Merge allc files (of replicates)
The `merge-allc` function can merge multiple allc files into a single allc file. It is useful when
separate allc files are generated for replicates of a tissue or cell type, and one wants to get a single
allc file for that tissue/cell type. See `methylpy merge-allc -h` for more information.
```
methylpy merge-allc \
--allc-files allc/allc_AD_HT_1.tsv.gz allc/allc_AD_HT_2.tsv.gz \
--output-file allc/allc_AD_HT.tsv.gz \
--compress-output True
```

#### Convert allc file to bigwig format
The `allc-to-bigwig` function generates bigwig file from allc file. Methylation level will be
calculated in equally divided non-overlapping genomic bins and the output will be stored in a bigwig
file. See `methylpy allc-to-bigwig -h` for more information.
```
methylpy allc-to-bigwig \
--input-allc-file results/allc_mESC.tsv.gz \
--output-file results/allc_mESC.bw \
--ref-fasta mm10_bt2/mm10.fa \
--mc-type CGN \
--bin-size 100
```

#### Quality filter for bisulfite sequencing reads
Sometimes, we want to filter out reads that cannot be mapped confidently or are likely from
under-converted DNA fragments. This can be done using the `bam-quality-filter` function.
See `methylpy bam-quality-filter -h` for parameter inforamtion.

For example, below command can be used to filter out reads with less than 30 MAPQ score
(poor alignment) and with mCH level greater than 0.7 (under-conversion) if the reads contain
enough (at least 3) CH sites.

```
methylpy bam-quality-filter \
--input-file mESC_processed_reads_no_clonal.bam \
--output-file mESC_processed_reads_no_clonal.filtered.bam \
--ref-fasta mm10_bt2/mm10.fa \
--quality-cutoff 30 \
--min-num-ch 3 \
--max-mch-level 0.7 \
--buffer-line-number 100
```

#### Reidentify DMRs from existing result
methylpy is able to reidentify-DMR based on the result of previous DMRfind run. This function is especially
useful in picking out DMRs across a subset of categories and/or with different filters.
See `methylpy reidentify-DMR -h` for details about the options.
```
methylpy reidentify-DMR \
--input-rms-file results/DMR_P0_FBvsHT_rms_results.tsv.gz \
--output-file results/DMR_P0_FBvsHT_rms_results_recollapsed.tsv \
--collapse-samples P0_FB_1 P0_FB_2 P0_HT_1 P0_HT_2 \
--sample-category P0_FB P0_FB P0_HT P0_HT \
--min-cluster 2
```

# Cite methylpy
If you use methylpy, please cite
>Matthew D. Schultz, Yupeng He, John W.Whitaker, Manoj Hariharan, Eran A. Mukamel,
Danny Leung, Nisha Rajagopal, Joseph R. Nery, Mark A. Urich, Huaming Chen, Shin Lin,
Yiing Lin, Bing Ren, Terrence J. Sejnowski, Wei Wang, Joseph R. Ecker.
Human Body Epigenome Maps Reveal Noncanonical DNA Methylation Variation.
Nature. 523(7559):212-216, 2015 Jul.

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