cade 1.1.2

Reference

This work is based on the following papers: AAAI and Arxiv-preprint

• Bianchi, F., Di Carlo, V., Nicoli, P., & Palmonari, M. (2019). Compass-aligned Distributional Embeddings for Studying Semantic Differences across Corpora. Arxiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.06519

• Di Carlo, V., Bianchi, F., & Palmonari, M. (2019). Training Temporal Word Embeddings with a Compass. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 33(01), 6326-6334. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33016326

Abstract

Word2vec is one of the most used algorithms to generate word embeddings because of a good mix of efficiency, quality of the generated representations and cognitive grounding. However, word meaning is not static and depends on the context in which words are used. Differences in word meaning that depends on time, location, topic, and other factors, can be studied by analyzing embeddings generated from different corpora in collections that are representative of these factors. For example, language evolution can be studied using a collection of news articles published in different time periods. In this paper, we present a general framework to support cross-corpora language studies with word embeddings, where embeddings generated from different corpora can be compared to find correspondences and differences in meaning across the corpora. CADE is the core component of our framework and solves the key problem of aligning the embeddings generated from different corpora. In particular, we focus on providing solid evidence about the effectiveness, generality, and robustness of CADE. To this end, we conduct quantitative and qualitative experiments in different domains, from temporal word embeddings to language localization and topical analysis. The results of our experiments suggest that CADE achieves state-of-the-art or superior performance on tasks where several competing approaches are available, yet providing a general method that can be used in a variety of domains. Finally, our experiments shed light on the conditions under which the alignment is reliable, which substantially depends on the degree of cross-corpora vocabulary overlap.

Note

We have modified the gensim implementation to suits our need, when you install this package remember to do it in a virtualenv or the installation is going to overwrite your own gensim module. Important: always create a virtual environment because CADE uses a custom version of the gensim library.

Installing

• clone the repository

• virtualenv -p python3.6 env

• source env/bin/activate

• pip install cython

• pip install git+https://github.com/valedica/gensim.git

• cd in repository

• pip install -e .

Jupyter: you can use this in a jupyter-notebook, but remember that you need the virtual environment! In the following the commands you need to use, but for a more detailed description of what we are doing see this link.

• you need to install the virtual environment inside jupyter

• source env/bin/activate

• (venv) $ pip install ipykernel

• (venv) $ ipython kernel install --user --name=cade_kernel

• you will find the “cade_kernel” when you create a new notebook

Guide

• Remember: when you call the training method of CADE the class creates a “model/” folder where it is going to save the trained objects. The compass will be trained as first element and it will be saved in that folder. If you want to overwrite it remember to set the parameter overwrite=True, otherwise it will reload the already trained compass.

• What do you need: Different corpora you want to compare (i.e., text from 1991, text from 1992 / text from the New York Times, text from The Guardian … etc…) and the concatenation of those text slices (the compass).

• The compass should be the concatenation of the slice you want to align. In the next code section you will see that we are going to use arxiv papers text from two different years. The “compass.txt” file contains the concatenation of both slices.

How To Use

• Training

Suppose you have corpora you want to compare text “arxiv_14.txt” and “arxiv_9.txt”. First of all, create the concatenation of these two and create a “compass.txt” file. Now you can train the compass.

from cade.cade import CADE
from gensim.models.word2vec import Word2Vec
aligner = CADE(size=30, siter=10, diter=10, workers=4)

# train the compass: the text should be the concatenation of the text from the slices
aligner.train_compass("examples/training/compass.txt", overwrite=False) # keep an eye on the overwrite behaviour

You can see that the class covers the same parameters the Gensim word2vec library has. “siter” refers to the compass training iterations while “diter” refers to the training iteration of the specific slices. After this first training you can train the slices:

# now you can train slices and they will be already aligned
# these are gensim word2vec objects
slice_one = aligner.train_slice("examples/training/arxiv_14.txt", save=True)
slice_two = aligner.train_slice("examples/training/arxiv_9.txt", save=True)

These two slices are now aligned and can be compared!

• Load Data

You can load data has you do with gensim.

model1 = Word2Vec.load("model/arxiv_14.model")
model2 = Word2Vec.load("model/arxiv_9.model")

People

• Federico Bianchi (federico.bianchi@unimib.it)

• Valerio Di Carlo

• Matteo Palmonari (matteo.palmonari@unimib.it)

Credits

This package was created with Cookiecutter and the audreyr/cookiecutter-pypackage project template.