mochi 0.0.4.3

Mochi
====
Mochi is a dynamically typed programming language for functional programming and actor-style programming.

Its interpreter is written in Python3. The interpreter translates a program written in Mochi to Python3's AST / bytecode.

## Features
- Python-like syntax
- Tail recursion optimization (self tail recursion only), and no loop syntax
- Re-assignment are not allowed in function definition.
- Basic collection type is a persistent data structure. (using Pyrsistent)
- Pattern matching / Data types, like algebraic data types
- Pipeline operator
- Syntax sugar of anonymous function definition
- Actor, like Erlang's actor（using Eventlet)
- Built-in Python3 itertools and functools, operator module functions and function in itertools recipes


## Examples
### Factorial
```python
def factorial(n, m):
if n == 1:
m
else:
factorial(n - 1, n * m)
```

### FizzBuzz
```python
def fizzbuzz(n):
match [n % 3, n % 5]:
[0, 0]: "fizzbuzz"
[0, _]: "fizz"
[_, 0]: "buzz"
_: n

range(1, 31) |> map(fizzbuzz) |> pvector() |> print()
# or
range(1, 31) |> map(fizzbuzz) |> lazyseq() |> print()
```

### Actor
```python
def show():
receive:
message:
print(message)
show()

actor = spawn(show)

send('foo', actor)
actor ! 'bar' # send('bar', actor)

wait_all()
```

### Flask
```python
from flask import Flask

app = Flask('demo')

@app.route('/')
def hello():
'Hello World!'

app.run()
```

## Requirements
- CPython >= 3.2 or PyPy >= 3.2.1
- rply >= 0.7.2
- pyrsistent >= 0.6.2
- pathlib >= 1.0.1
- eventlet >= 0.15.2

## Installation
```sh
$ pip install mochi
```


## Usage

### REPL
```sh
$ mochi
>>>
```

### loading and running a file
```sh
$ cat kinako.mochi
print('kinako')
$ mochi kinako.mochi
kinako
$
```

### byte compilation
```sh
$ mochi -c kinako.mochi > kinako.mochic
```

### running a byte-compiled file
```sh
$ mochi -e kinako.mochic
kinako
$
```

## Examples for each feature

### Persistent data structures
```python
[1, 2, 3]
# => pvector([1, 2, 3])

v(1, 2, 3)
# => pvector([1, 2, 3])

vec = [1, 2, 3]
vec2 = vec.set(0, 8)
# => pvector([8, 2, 3]
vec
# => pvector([1, 2, 3])
[x, y, z] = vec
x # => 1
y # => 2
z # => 3

{'x': 100, 'y': 200}
# => pmap({'y': 200, 'x': 100})

ma = {'x': 100, 'y': 200}
ma.get('x') # => 100
ma.x # => 100
ma2 = ma.set('x', 10000)
# => pmap({'y': 200, 'x': 10000})
ma # => pmap({'y': 200, 'x': 100})

m(x=100, y=200)
# => pmap({'y': 200, 'x': 100})

s(1, 2, 3)
# => pset([1, 2, 3])

b(1, 2, 3)
# => pbag([1, 2, 3])
```

### Function definitions
```python
def hoge(x):
hoge + str(x)

hoge(3)
# => hoge3
```

### Pattern matching
```python
lis = [1, 2, 3]

match lis:
[1, 2, x]: x
_: None
# => 3

match lis:
[1, &rest]: rest
_: None

# => pvector (2, 3)

foo_map = {'foo' : 'bar'}

match foo_map:
{'foo' : value}: value
_: None
# => 'bar'

match 10:
int(x): 'int'
float(x): 'float'
str(x): 'str'
bool(x): 'bool'
_: 'other'
# => 'int'

match [1, 2, 3]:
[1, str(x), 3]: 'str'
[1, int(x), 3]: 'int'
_: 'other'
# => 'int'
```

### Records
```python
record Mochi
record AnkoMochi(anko) < Mochi
record KinakoMochi(kinako) < Mochi

anko_mochi = AnkoMochi(anko=3)

isinstance(anko_mochi, Mochi)
# => True
isinstance(anko_mochi, AnkoMochi)
# => True
isinstance(anko_mochi, KinakoMochi)
# => False

match anko_mochi:
KinakoMochi(kinako): 'kinako ' * kinako + ' mochi'
AnkoMochi(anko): 'anko ' * anko + 'mochi'
Mochi(_): 'mochi'
# => 'anko anko anko mochi'


record Person(name, age):
def show(self):
print(self.name + ': ' + self.age)

foo = Person('foo', '32')
foo.show()
# -> foo: 32
```

### Bindings
```python
x = 3000
# => 3000

[a, b] = [1, 2]
a
# => 1
b
# => 2

[c, &d] = [1, 2, 3]
c
# => 1
d
# => pvector([2, 3])
```

### Data types, like algebraic data types (sum type)
```python
data Point:
Point2D(x, y)
Point3D(x, y, z)

# The meaning of the above is the same as the meaning of the following.
# record Point
# record Point2D(x, y) < Point
# record Point3D(x, y, z) < Point

p1 = Point2D(x=1, y=2)
# => Point2D(x=1, y=2)

p2 = Point2D(3, 4)
# => Point2D(x=3, y=4)

p1.x
# => 1
```

### Pattern-matching function definitions
```python
data Point:
Point2D(x, y)
Point3D(x, y, z)

defm offset:
[Point2D(x1, y1), Point2D(x2, y2)]:
Point2D(x1 + x2, y1 + y2)
[Point3D(x1, y1, z1), Point3D(x2, y2, z2)]:
Point3D(x1 + x2, y1 + y2, z1 + z2)
_: None

offset(Point2D(1, 2), Point2D(3, 4))
# => Point2D(x=4, y=6)
offset(Point3D(1, 2, 3), Point3D(4, 5, 6))
# => Point3D(x=5, y=7, z=9)
```

### Anonymous function
```python
# Arrow expression.
add = (x, y) -> x + y
add(1, 2)
# => 3

add = -> $1 + $2
add(1, 2)
# => 3

foo = (x, y) ->
if x == 0:
y
else:
x

foo(1, 2)
# => 1

foo(0, 2)
# => 2

pvector(map(-> $1 * 2, [1, 2, 3]))
# => pvector([2, 4, 6])
```

### Pipeline operator
```python
add = -> $1 + $2
2 |> add(10) |> add(12)
# => 24
None |>? add(10) |>? add(12)
# => None
```

### Including a file at compile time
```sh
$ cat anko.mochi
x = 10000
y = 20000
```

```python
require 'anko.mochi'
x
# => 10000

x = 30000

require 'anko.mochi' # include once at compile time
x
# => 30000
```

### Module
```python
module Math:
export add, sub

def add(x, y):
x + y

def sub(x, y):
x - y

Math.add(1, 2)
# => 3
```

```sh
$ cat foobar.mochi
foo = 'foo'
bar = 'bar'
```

```python
require 'foobar.mochi'
[foo, bar]
# => pvector(['foo', 'bar'])

foo = 'foofoofoo'

module X:
export foobar
require 'foobar.mochi'
def foobar:
[foo, bar]

X.foobar()
# => pvector(['foo', 'bar'])

[foo, bar]
# => pvector(['foofoofoo', 'bar'])
```

## TODO
- Documentation
- Improvement of parsing
- Support class definition

## License
MIT License

## Author
[i2y] (https://github.com/i2y)