OpenCLIP

[Paper] [Colab]

Welcome to an open source implementation of OpenAI's CLIP (Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training).

The goal of this repository is to enable training models with contrastive image-text supervision, and to investigate their properties such as robustness to distribution shift. Our starting point is an implementation of CLIP that matches the accuracy of the original CLIP models when trained on the same dataset. Specifically, a ResNet-50 model trained with our codebase on OpenAI's 15 million image subset of YFCC achieves 32.7% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet. OpenAI's CLIP model reaches 31.3% when trained on the same subset of YFCC. For ease of experimentation, we also provide code for training on the 3 million images in the Conceptual Captions dataset, where a ResNet-50x4 trained with our codebase reaches 22.2% top-1 ImageNet accuracy.

We further this with a replication study on a dataset of comparable size to OpenAI's. Using LAION-400M, we train CLIP with a ViT-B/32 text encoder and achieve an accuracy of 62.9%, comparable to OpenAI's 63.2%, on ImageNet1k.

As we describe in more detail below, CLIP models in a medium accuracy regime already allow us to draw conclusions about the robustness of larger CLIP models since the models follow reliable scaling laws.

This codebase is work in progress, and we invite all to contribute in making it more acessible and useful. In the future, we plan to add support for TPU training and release larger models. We hope this codebase facilitates and promotes further research in contrastive image-text learning. Please submit an issue or send an email if you have any other requests or suggestions.

Note that portions of src/open_clip/ modelling and tokenizer code are adaptations of OpenAI's official repository.

Approach

Image Credit: https://github.com/openai/CLIP

Usage

pip install open_clip_torch

import torch
from PIL import Image
import open_clip

model, _, preprocess = open_clip.create_model_and_transforms('ViT-B-32-quickgelu', pretrained='laion400m_e32')

image = preprocess(Image.open("CLIP.png")).unsqueeze(0)
text = open_clip.tokenize(["a diagram", "a dog", "a cat"])

with torch.no_grad():
    image_features = model.encode_image(image)
    text_features = model.encode_text(text)

    text_probs = (100.0 * image_features @ text_features.T).softmax(dim=-1)

print("Label probs:", text_probs)  # prints: [[1., 0., 0.]]

Fine-tuning on classification tasks

This repository is focused on training CLIP models. To fine-tune a trained zero-shot model on a downstream classification task such as ImageNet, please see our other repository: WiSE-FT. The WiSE-FT repository contains code for our paper on Robust Fine-tuning of Zero-shot Models, in which we introduce a technique for fine-tuning zero-shot models while preserving robustness under distribution shift.

Data

Conceptual Captions

OpenCLIP reads a CSV file with two columns: a path to an image, and a text caption. The names of the columns are passed as an argument to main.py.

The script src/data/gather_cc.py will collect the Conceptual Captions images. First, download the Conceptual Captions URLs and then run the script from our repository:

python3 src/data/gather_cc.py path/to/Train_GCC-training.tsv path/to/Validation_GCC-1.1.0-Validation.tsv

Our training set contains 2.89M images, and our validation set contains 13K images.

YFCC and other datasets

In addition to specifying the training data via CSV files as mentioned above, our codebase also supports webdataset, which is recommended for larger scale datasets. The expected format is a series of .tar files. Each of these .tar files should contain two files for each training example, one for the image and one for the corresponding text. Both files should have the same name but different extensions. For instance, shard_001.tar could contain files such as abc.jpg and abc.txt. You can learn more about webdataset at https://github.com/webdataset/webdataset. We use .tar files with 1,000 data points each, which we create using tarp.

You can download the YFCC dataset from Multimedia Commons. Similar to OpenAI, we used a subset of YFCC to reach the aforementioned accuracy numbers. The indices of images in this subset are in OpenAI's CLIP repository.

Training CLIP

Setup Environment and Install dependencies

Conda

# Create a conda environment (heavily recommended)
conda create -n open_clip python=3.10
conda activate open_clip

Install conda PyTorch as per https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/

Virtualenv

openclip also can be used with virtualenv with these lines:

python3 -m venv .env
source .env/bin/activate
pip install -U pip
make install

Install pip PyTorch as per https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/

Test can be run with make install-dev then make test

Other dependencies

Install open_clip pacakge and remaining dependencies:

cd open_clip
python setup.py install

Sample single-process running code:

python -m training.main \
    --save-frequency 1 \
    --zeroshot-frequency 1 \
    --report-to tensorboard \
    --train-data="/path/to/train_data.csv"  \
    --val-data="/path/to/validation_data.csv"  \
    --csv-img-key filepath \
    --csv-caption-key title \
    --imagenet-val=/path/to/imagenet/root/val/ \
    --warmup 10000 \
    --batch-size=128 \
    --lr=1e-3 \
    --wd=0.1 \
    --epochs=30 \
    --workers=8 \
    --model RN50

Note: imagenet-val is the path to the validation set of ImageNet for zero-shot evaluation, not the training set! You can remove this argument if you do not want to perform zero-shot evaluation on ImageNet throughout training. Note that the val folder should contain subfolders. If it doest not, please use this script.

Multi-GPU and Beyond

This code has been battle tested up to 1024 A100s and offers a variety of solutions for distributed training. We include native support for SLURM clusters.

As the number of devices used to train increases, so does the space complexity of the the logit matrix. Using a naïve all-gather scheme, space complexity will be O(n^2). Instead, complexity may become effectively linear if the flags --gather-with-grad and --local-loss are used. This alteration results in one-to-one numerical results as the naïve method.

Single-Node

We make use of torchrun to launch distributed jobs. The following launches a a job on a node of 4 GPUs:

cd open_clip/src
torchrun --nproc_per_node 4 -m training.main \
    --train-data '/data/cc12m/cc12m-train-{0000..2175}.tar' \
    --train-num-samples 10968539 \
    --dataset-type webdataset \
    --batch-size 320 \
    --precision amp \
    --workers 4 \
    --imagenet-val /data/imagenet/validation/

Multi-Node

The same script above works, so long as users include information about the number of nodes and host node.

cd open_clip/src
torchrun --nproc_per_node=4 \
    --rdzv_endpoint=$HOSTE_NODE_ADDR \
    -m training.main \
    --train-data '/data/cc12m/cc12m-train-{0000..2175}.tar' \
    --train-num-samples 10968539 \
    --dataset-type webdataset \
    --batch-size 320 \
    --precision amp \
    --workers 4 \
    --imagenet-val /data/imagenet/validation/

SLURM

This is likely the easist solution to utilize. The following script was used to train our largest models:

#!/bin/bash -x
#SBATCH --nodes=32
#SBATCH --gres=gpu:4
#SBATCH --ntasks-per-node=4
#SBATCH --cpus-per-task=24
#SBATCH --wait-all-nodes=1
#SBATCH --job-name=open_clip

eval "$(/path/to/conda/bin/conda shell.bash hook)" # init conda
conda activate open_clip
export CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES=0,1,2,3
export MASTER_PORT=12802

master_addr=$(scontrol show hostnames "$SLURM_JOB_NODELIST" | head -n 1)
export MASTER_ADDR=$master_addr

cd /shared/open_clip
export PYTHONPATH="$PYTHONPATH:$PWD/src"
srun --cpu_bind=none,v --accel-bind=gn python -u src/training/main.py \
    --save-frequency 1 \
    --report-to tensorboard \
    --train-data="/data/LAION-400M/{00000..41455}.tar" \
    --warmup 2000 \
    --batch-size=256 \
    --epochs=32 \
    --workers=8 \
    --model ViT-B-32 \
    --name "ViT-B-32-Vanilla" \
    --seed 0 \
    --local-loss \
    --gather-with-grad

Resuming from a checkpoint:

python -m training.main \
    --train-data="/path/to/train_data.csv" \
    --val-data="/path/to/validation_data.csv"  \
    --resume /path/to/checkpoints/epoch_K.pt

Loss Curves

When run on a machine with 8 GPUs the command should produce the following training curve for Conceptual Captions:

More detailed curves for Conceptual Captions are given at /docs/clip_conceptual_captions.md.

When training a RN50 on YFCC the same hyperparameters as above are used, with the exception of lr=5e-4 and epochs=32.

Note that to use another model, like ViT-B/32 or RN50x4 or RN50x16 or ViT-B/16, specify with --model RN50x4.

Launch tensorboard:

tensorboard --logdir=logs/tensorboard/ --port=7777

Evaluation / Zero-Shot

Evaluating local checkpoint:

python -m training.main \
    --val-data="/path/to/validation_data.csv"  \
    --model RN101 \
    --preretrained /path/to/checkpoints/epoch_K.pt

Evaluating hosted pretrained checkpoint on ImageNet zero-shot prediction:

python -m training.main \
    --imagenet-val /path/to/imagenet/validation \
    --model ViT-B-32-quickgelu \
    --preretrained laion400m_e32

Pretrained models

We replicate OpenAI's results on ViT-B/32 with comparable dataset LAION-400M. Trained weights may be found in release v0.2.

Below are checkpoints of models trained on YFCC-15M, along with their zero-shot top-1 accuracies on ImageNet and ImageNetV2. These models were trained using 8 GPUs and the same hyperparameters described in the "Sample running code" section, with the exception of lr=5e-4 and epochs=32.

• ResNet-50 (32.7% / 27.9%)
• ResNet-101 (34.8% / 30.0%)

Pretrained Model Interface

We offer a simple model interface to instantiate both pre-trained and untrained models.

NOTE: Currently all existing checkpoints use the QuickGELU activation from the original OpenAI models. This activation is actually less efficient that native torch.nn.GELU in recent versions of PyTorch. The model defaults are now nn.GELU, so one should use model definitions with -quickgelu postfix for the OpenCLIP pretrained weights. All OpenAI pretrained weights will always default to QuickGELU. One can also use the non -quickgelu model definitions with pretrained weights using QuickGELU but there will be an accuracy drop, for fine-tune that will likely vanish for longer runs.

Future trained models will use nn.GELU.

>>> import open_clip
>>> open_clip.list_pretrained()
[('RN50', 'openai'),
 ('RN50', 'yfcc15m'),
 ('RN50', 'cc12m'),
 ('RN50-quickgelu', 'openai'),
 ('RN50-quickgelu', 'yfcc15m'),
 ('RN50-quickgelu', 'cc12m'),
 ('RN101', 'openai'),
 ('RN101', 'yfcc15m'),
 ('RN101-quickgelu', 'openai'),
 ('RN101-quickgelu', 'yfcc15m'),
 ('RN50x4', 'openai'),
 ('RN50x16', 'openai'),
 ('ViT-B-32', 'openai'),
 ('ViT-B-32', 'laion400m_e31'),
 ('ViT-B-32', 'laion400m_e32'),
 ('ViT-B-32', 'laion400m_avg'),
 ('ViT-B-32-quickgelu', 'openai'),
 ('ViT-B-32-quickgelu', 'laion400m_e31'),
 ('ViT-B-32-quickgelu', 'laion400m_e32'),
 ('ViT-B-32-quickgelu', 'laion400m_avg'),
 ('ViT-B-16', 'openai'),
 ('ViT-L-14', 'openai')]

>>> model, train_transform, eval_transform = open_clip.create_model_and_transforms('ViT-B-32-quickgelu', pretrained='laion400m_e32')

Scaling trends

The plot below shows how zero-shot performance of CLIP models varies as we scale the number of samples used for training. Zero-shot performance increases steadily for both ImageNet and ImageNetV2, and is far from saturated at ~15M samples.

Why are low-accuracy CLIP models interesting?

TL;DR: CLIP models have high effective robustness, even at small scales.

CLIP models are particularly intriguing because they are more robust to natural distribution shifts (see Section 3.3 in the CLIP paper). This phenomena is illustrated by the figure below, with ImageNet accuracy on the x-axis and ImageNetV2 (a reproduction of the ImageNet validation set with distribution shift) accuracy on the y-axis. Standard training denotes training on the ImageNet train set and the CLIP zero-shot models are shown as stars.

As observed by Taori et al., 2020 and Miller et al., 2021, the in-distribution and out-of-distribution accuracies of models trained on ImageNet follow a predictable linear trend (the red line in the above plot). Effective robustness quantifies robustness as accuracy beyond this baseline, i.e., how far a model lies above the red line. Ideally a model would not suffer from distribution shift and fall on the y = x line (trained human labelers are within a percentage point of the y = x line).

Even though the CLIP models trained with this codebase achieve much lower accuracy than those trained by OpenAI, our models still lie on the same trend of improved effective robustness (the purple line). Therefore, we can study what makes CLIP robust without requiring industrial-scale compute.

For more more information on effective robustness, please see:

• Recht et al., 2019.
• Taori et al., 2020.
• Miller et al., 2021.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing e.V. (www.gauss-centre.eu) for funding this part of work by providing computing time through the John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC) on the GCS Supercomputer JUWELS Booster at Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC).

The Team

Current development of this repository is led by Ross Wightman, Cade Gordon, and Vaishaal Shankar.

The original version of this repository is from a group of researchers at UW, Google, Stanford, Amazon, Columbia, and Berkeley.

Gabriel Ilharco*, Mitchell Wortsman*, Nicholas Carlini, Rohan Taori, Achal Dave, Vaishaal Shankar, John Miller, Hongseok Namkoong, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Ali Farhadi, Ludwig Schmidt

Special thanks to Jong Wook Kim and Alec Radford for help with reproducing CLIP!

Citing

If you found this repository useful, please consider citing:

@software{ilharco_gabriel_2021_5143773,
  author       = {Ilharco, Gabriel and
                  Wortsman, Mitchell and
                  Carlini, Nicholas and
                  Taori, Rohan and
                  Dave, Achal and
                  Shankar, Vaishaal and
                  Namkoong, Hongseok and
                  Miller, John and
                  Hajishirzi, Hannaneh and
                  Farhadi, Ali and
                  Schmidt, Ludwig},
  title        = {OpenCLIP},
  month        = jul,
  year         = 2021,
  note         = {If you use this software, please cite it as below.},
  publisher    = {Zenodo},
  version      = {0.1},
  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.5143773},
  url          = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5143773}
}

@inproceedings{Radford2021LearningTV,
  title={Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision},
  author={Alec Radford and Jong Wook Kim and Chris Hallacy and A. Ramesh and Gabriel Goh and Sandhini Agarwal and Girish Sastry and Amanda Askell and Pamela Mishkin and Jack Clark and Gretchen Krueger and Ilya Sutskever},
  booktitle={ICML},
  year={2021}
}